product
Vaccine
Inactivated Vaccine
After categorizing and identifying the infection type using microbiological techniques, it becomes feasible to determine the severity level and link it to its disease-causing potential. Then, a suitable microbe is chosen for treatment with chemicals or heat to exterminate these germs. Upon animals receiving inactivated vaccines, it triggers both humoral and cellular immunity, effectively preventing diseases in aquatic animals. For instance, inactivated autogenous vaccines manage streptococcosis (Streptococcosis autogenous vaccine).
The trials across numerous regions in Thailand demonstrated that the vaccine effectively prevents over 80% of streptococcosis cases in black and red tilapia. It covers prevalent virus strains in Thailand, making it widely applicable, and maintains disease control for over 120 days with stable efficacy during testing from 2015 and 2021 across all tested areas. With a single injection being 89.96% effective, it can prevent streptococcosis involving up to 2 strains. Additionally, vaccinated fish displayed a 20% improvement in growth rate as a notable by-product.
Kannika K, Sirisuay S, Kondo H, Hirono I, Areechon N, Unajak S. Trial Evaluation of Protection and Immunogenicity of Piscine Bivalent Streptococcal Vaccine: From the Lab to the Farms. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101625
DNA vaccine
Developing a DNA vaccine involves the fusion of a gene responsible for producing a viral antigenic protein with a vector, which serves as a carrier to transport target genes into animals. This vector, containing the desired genes, will activate the cellular immune system (Cellular Response) upon entering animal cells effectively with just a single vaccination. Notably, it does not require the use of an adjuvant. For instance, DNA vaccines combat streptococcosis and Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) utilizing reverse vaccinology methods. These vaccines were synthesized by linking them to a vector expressible in tilapia. Consequently, tilapia receives antigenic stimulation and develops immunity against the diseases. The efficacy matches that of inactivated vaccines, however, without needing an adjuvant.
Pumchan, S. Krobthong, S. Roytrakul, O. Sawatdichaikul, H. Kondo, I. Hirono, N. Areechon, and S. Unajak. 2020. Novel Chimeric Multiepitope Vaccine for Streptococcosis Disease in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.). Scientific reports, 10(1), 603. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57283-0 Chamtim P, Suwan E, Dong HT, Sirisuay S, Areechon N, Wangkahart E, Hirono I, Mavichak R and Unajak S (2022) Combining segments 9 and 10 in DNA and recombinant protein vaccines conferred superior protection against tilapia lake virus in hybrid red tilapia (oreochromis sp.) compared to single segment vaccines. Front. Immunol. 13:935480. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935480
Subunit protein/Recombinant protein
This vaccine is formulated from structural elements of pathogens that trigger the immune system, especially the protein part. The protein is synthesized through recombinant protein production, offering disease control comparable to inactivated vaccines without the need to be combined with an adjuvant. The Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) vaccine is designed to combat TiLV disease by utilizing two specific TiLV antigens for generating recombinant proteins. This approach aids in helping prevent death by over 50%.
Chamtim P, Suwan E, Dong HT, Sirisuay S, Areechon N, Wangkahart E, Hirono I, Mavichak R and Unajak S (2022) Combining segments 9 and 10 in DNA and recombinant protein vaccines conferred superior protection against tilapia lake virus in hybrid red tilapia (oreochromis sp.) compared to single segment vaccines. Front. Immunol. 13:935480. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935480
Chimeric epitope vaccine
This vaccine design is aimed at disease control by assembling portions of antigenic epitopes linked together with a linker. The resulting protein is adept at triggering immunity against the infection without requiring an adjuvant. The chimeric epitope vaccine is versatile and suitable for DNA and recombinant vaccines due to its ability to deliver notably high disease prevention outcomes. In controlling streptococcosis disease, the chimeric epitope vaccine utilizing DNA and recombinant proteins incorporates five antigen types in its design. Its efficacy is similar to inactivated vaccines.
Oral Vaccine
During the vaccines developed for disease control, it was found that a considerable number of experts and specialized equipment were necessary for administering the injections, causing an inconvenience in stimulating immunity in vaccinated fish. Consequently, the company has developed an oral administration vaccine delivery system utilizing a kaolin mineral carrier. This system aims to enhance injectable vaccines or serve as a continuous alternative to injections, ensuring a sustained stimulation of the immune system and offering increased convenience for farmers.
The oral administration vaccine, designed to combat streptococcosis, demonstrated promising results when incorporated into fish food in laboratory settings. It showed the potential to prevent over 80% of streptococcosis, which is convenient for farmers in its application.
